The disease formerly known as rheumatoid arthritis

The disease formerly known as rheumatoid arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis is a complex disease where predetermined and stochastic factors conspire to confer disease susceptibility. In light of the diverse responses to targeted therapies, rheumatoid arthritis might represent a final common clinical phenotype that reflects many pathogenic pathways. Therefore, it might be appropriate to begin thinking about rheumatoid arthritis as a syndrome rather ...

The Discipline Formerly Known as Mir

Our exploration is not a science-fiction essay. We do not try to imagine how music will be conceptualized, experienced and mediated by our yet-to-come research, technological achievements and music gizmos. Alternatively, we reflect on how the discipline should evolve to become consolidated as such, in order it may get an effective future instead of becoming, after a promising start, just a “wou...

Formerly known as Scientific American® Surgery

Hunner Lesion (formerly Known as Hunner’s Ulcer)

History Guy Leroy Hunner, a Boston gynaecologist, described this inflammatory bladder disease a century ago in great detail for the first time in a series of papers, the first being published in 1914 (republished in 1915). In this first paper he writes: “While cystoscopy usually reveals only one inflammatory spot, there may be two or three granulation areas near together or somewhat separated, ...

Investigating Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Predictive Marker of Disease Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background and purpose: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis, inflammation, and joint destruction that if not well controlled can destroy cartilage, bone, ligaments and tendons, and in some cases cause disability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible role of the ratio of neutrophil-lymphocyte (NLR) as an inflammatory mar...